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Utilitarianism (Reprinted from Fraser’s Magazine Seventh Edition, 1879)

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This work discusses the ethical theory of utilitarianism developed by John Stuart Mill as the basis for determining right and wrong in human actions. Mill asserted that the primary principle of morality is the greatest happiness principle, which states that an action is right if it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, and wrong if it causes suffering. Happiness is defined as pleasure and the absence of pain. Mill also developed the concept of the quality of pleasure, distinguishing between higher order pleasures (intellectual, moral) and lower order pleasures (physical). He argued that intellectual pleasure is more valuable than physical pleasure. He also addressed various criticisms of utilitarianism, such as the assumption that the theory is selfish or demeans human dignity. Furthermore, Mill explained that morality is oriented not only toward individual happiness but also toward collective happiness. He also linked utilitarianism to justice, moral obligation, and the role of education and society in shaping human character capable of achieving shared happiness.

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